10％乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布及残留消解动态

为探究10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂(有效成分质量分数:5%乙霉威,5%腐霉利)在设施黄瓜上施用后的沉积分布特性及残留消解动态,采用PC-3A(S)型激光粉尘仪及粉尘取样片,分别研究了不同设施类型、不同温湿度及不同施药角度下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布情况;并于2017年和2018年,分别在北京市进行了该药剂在设施黄瓜叶片和果实中的残留及消解动态试验。结果表明:不同设施类型、不同温度条件下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂的沉积分布特性无明显差异,且其有效成分分解率不受温度影响;不同湿度条件下,该微粉剂在黄瓜叶片上的沉积量不同,湿度越大沉积量越多。乙霉威和腐霉利在黄瓜叶片和果实中的消解动态均符合准一级动力学或一级动力学方程,2种药剂在叶片中的半衰期分别为3.2 d和3.0~3.2 d,在果实中的半衰期分别为4.0~4.3 d和3.1~3.8 d。采用10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂,分别按100 g/hm2和150 g/hm2(1.5倍)剂量于黄瓜幼果期施药,最多施药3次,施药间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药间隔7、10和14 d分别采样,乙霉威在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.88 mg/kg,低于中国国家标准规定的其最大残留限量(MRL)值(5 mg/kg),腐霉利在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.49 mg/kg,也低于其MRL值(2 mg/kg)。该研究结果可为10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的安全使用提供数据支持。     

绿色富硒生物猪饲料中AFB1达标生产工艺优化研究

饲料中黄曲霉毒素(AFB₁)容易超标,检出率达80%~100%,毒性大,具强致癌性,可抑制生猪免疫机能,降低动物生产性能,引起动物继发感染,还会在动物产品中残留而威胁人类健康,给生猪养殖带来经济损失,降低猪肉食品安全性。本文通过使用先进固体发酵系统设备和益生菌发酵技术,采用单因素试验和响应面中试优化,获得发酵降解猪饲料AFB₁的最佳工艺参数为硒浓度0.3 mg/kg,发酵时间12 h,量子波强度30 Hz,益生菌菌种组合CGMCC NO.17328混合CGMCC NO.15611。该工艺将猪饲料AFB₁量从63.41μg/kg降解到2.98μg/kg,降解率达到95.30%,AFB₁含量达到国家饲料安全标准。生产工艺适合养猪场低成本快速生产AFB₁达标猪饲料。     

植物源活性成分对有机磷农药的降解效果研究

为探索有机磷农药降解的新途径和方法,以大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子按9:4:3:2质量份数混合,粉碎并以水浸泡,以GC-MS定量检测法、农残速测法,通过比较试验前后有机磷农药浓度变动,明确其对有机磷农药的降解效果。结果表明,2 min内浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷2种有机磷农药降解率分别达到93.6%、92.9%;浸提液17 h内对敌敌畏降解率为66.67%,11 h内对毒死蜱降解率为48.69%。本研究表明,大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷、敌敌畏等有机磷农药有显著降解效果。     

Density-dependent effects on salmonid populations: A review

We reviewed 199 published data sets (21 species) to assess the relative frequency of various density-dependent processes in salmonids. We examined studies for the presence or absence of density-dependence: in growth, mortality, fecundity and recruitment. Based on data from all studies pooled 71% showed density-dependence in growth, 23% found density-dependence in mortality, 2% detected density-dependence in fecundity and 4% displayed density-dependence in recruitment. Most studies at the population level (e.g. changes in abundance or means of growth, mortality or fecundity) demonstrated density-dependence; however, these studies were not common, likely because they require long time series of data (at least 3–4 times mean generation time for the species). Our review indicated there was no evidence that the probability of finding density-dependent effects differed among the 21 species examined, but the number of studies per species varied substantially (5 [minimum for analysis] – 20+); hence, this finding should be viewed as tentative. Most salmonid species showed evidence of density-dependence in growth; however, few studies examined density-dependent effects on fecundity or recruitment, and further study is needed on these phenomena. There was no evidence that density-dependent effects were restricted to a particular habitat type or geographic region.     

茶叶微生物固态发酵中咖啡碱降解途径初探

为探究微生物作用下咖啡碱的降解产物与途径,将普洱茶发酵中筛选鉴定的Aspergillus sydowii NRRL250（聚多曲霉）、Aspergillus pallidofulvus NRRL4789、Aspergillus sesamicola CBS137324和Penicillium mangini CBS253.31等优势菌株分别接种至晒青毛茶进行单菌种固态发酵,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定咖啡碱、可可碱、茶碱的含量,探究微生物对咖啡碱代谢的影响;另外,基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS代谢组学技术,以灭菌处理组（ST组）和原料组（RM组）为对照,对聚多曲霉接种发酵样进行代谢组学分析。结果表明,A. pallidofulvus NRRL4789、A. sesamicola CBS137324和Penicillium mangini CBS253.31等优势菌株对咖啡碱等嘌呤类碱代谢均无显著影响,而在聚多曲霉接种发酵中,咖啡碱含量显著下降（P<0.05）,降幅达83.89%;茶碱含量显著增加（P<0.05）,发酵末期含量为(25.03±1.17) mg·g^-1;而可可碱保持基本稳定。由此可知,聚多曲霉对咖啡碱降解代谢有显著影响。采用UHPLC-QTOF-MS方法检出茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤等9种与咖啡碱降解相关的代谢物。在聚多曲霉作用下,茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤含量显著提高（P<0.05）。茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤和1-甲基黄嘌呤与咖啡碱及其相关代谢物的N-脱甲基化途径相关。1,7-二甲基尿酸、1-甲基尿酸与咖啡碱相关代谢物的氧化途径相关。由此可知,聚多曲霉为降解普洱茶咖啡碱的优势菌株,且具有将咖啡碱转化为茶碱的潜在能力;在咖啡碱降解代谢过程中,存在聚多曲霉作用下的N-脱甲基化和氧化,并以N-脱甲基化为主。     

三唑酰草胺在不同类型土壤中的降解特性

为科学评价除草剂三唑酰草胺在土壤环境中的生态风险，采用室内模拟方法，研究了三唑酰草胺在吉林黑土、江西红土和安徽水稻土中的降解特性。结果表明:三唑酰草胺在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程。好氧条件下三唑酰草胺在3种土壤中的降解半衰期分别为86.5、106和91.4 d；厌氧条件下半衰期分别为106、130和127 d；水稻田厌氧条件下半衰期分别为162、219和188 d。研究表明，三唑酰草胺在水稻田厌氧条件下的降解速率明显慢于其他2种试验条件下。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

猪活动区域多孔介质模型及其阻力系数的CFD模拟

旨在尝试将躺卧姿势下的猪体简化成不同几何形状以求取其阻力系数,并分析它们的差异性。本研究采用校核过的CFD模型,模拟探究了简化猪模型、半椭球模型、椭球模型和半圆柱模型4种不同躺卧猪模型对猪群区域在X、Y和Z3个垂直方向上阻力系数的影响,分析了4种模型对猪栏内气流以及压力分布的影响。结果表明,椭球模型的惯性阻力系数相比半椭球模型与半圆柱模型更加接近简化猪模型,其在X、Z和Y方向上的惯性阻力系数与简化猪模型之间的相对误差分别为-4.0%、-12.2%和14.7%,并且气流与压力分布基本一致。因此,采用椭球模型代替简化猪模型进行建模计算不仅能保证准确度还能有效提高计算效率。